activerecord-postgres-hstore

#Goodbye serialize, hello hstore.

You need dynamic columns in your tables. What do you do?

• Create lots of tables to handle it. Nice, now you’ll need more models and lots of additional sqls. Insertion and selection will be slow as hell.
• Use a noSQL database just for this issue. Good luck.
• Create a serialized column. Nice, insertion will be fine, and reading data from a record too. But, what if you have a condition in your select that includes serialized data? Yeah, regular expressions.

##Common use cases

Add settings to users, like in rails-settings or HasEasy.

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  serialize :settings, ActiveRecord::Coders::Hstore
end
user = User.create settings: {theme: 'navy'}
user.settings['theme']

##Note about Rails 4

If you are using Rails 4 you don't need this gem as ActiveRecord 4 provides HStore type support out of the box. ActiveRecord will see your HStore column and do all of the work for you. Additional code is no longer needed.

You can test it with a migration like this:

class CreateTest < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    create_table :tests do |t|
      t.hstore :data
    end
  end
end

Its model:

class Test < ActiveRecord::Base
  # before Rails 4, we'd have to this here:
  # serialize :data, ActiveRecord::Coders::Hstore
end

Then you can use the hash field straight away:

irb(main):003:0> t = Test.new data: {a: 1, b:2}
=> #<Test id: nil, data: {"a"=>"1", "b"=>"2"}>
irb(main):004:0> t.save!
   (0.3ms)  BEGIN
  SQL (2.3ms)  INSERT INTO "tests" ("data") VALUES ($1) RETURNING "id"  [["data", "\"a\"=>\"1\",\"b\"=>\"2\""]]
   (0.5ms)  COMMIT
=> true
irb(main):005:0> t
=> #<Test id: 1, data: {"a"=>"1", "b"=>"2"}>
irb(main):006:0> t.data
=> {"a"=>"1", "b"=>"2"}
irb(main):007:0> t.data['a']
=> "1"

For more information take a look here

##Note about 0.7

I have decided to clean up the old code and provide only a custom serializer in this new version.

In order to acomplish this I had to drop support for older versions of Rails (3.0 and earlier) and also remove some monkey patches that added functionality to the Hash, String, and some ActiveRecord objects. This monkey patches provided methods such as Hash#to_hstore and String#from_hstore.

If you rely on this feature please stick to 0.6 version and there is still a branch named 0.6 to which you can submit your pull requests.

##Requirements

Postgresql 8.4+ with contrib and Rails 3.1+ (If you want to try on older rails versions I recommend the 0.6 and ealier versions of this gem) On Ubuntu, this is easy: sudo apt-get install postgresql-contrib-9.1

On Mac you have a couple of options:

• the binary package kindly provided by EnterpriseDB
• Homebrew’s Postgres installation also includes the contrib packages: brew install postgres
• Postgres.app

##Install

Hstore is a PostgreSQL contrib type, check it out first.

Then, just add this to your Gemfile:

gem 'activerecord-postgres-hstore'

And run your bundler:

bundle install

Now you need to create a migration that adds hstore support for your PostgreSQL database:

rails g hstore:setup

Run it:

rake db:migrate

Finally you can create your own tables using hstore type. It’s easy:

rails g model Person name:string data:hstore
rake db:migrate

You’re done. Well, not yet. Don’t forget to add indexes. Like this:

CREATE INDEX people_gist_data ON people USING GIST(data);

or

CREATE INDEX people_gin_data ON people USING GIN(data);

This gem provides some functions to generate this kind of index inside your migrations. For the model Person we could create an index (defaults to type GIST) over the data field with this migration:

class AddIndexToPeople < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    add_hstore_index :people, :data
  end
end

To understand the difference between the two types of indexes take a look at PostgreSQL docs.

##Usage

This gem only provides a custom serialization coder. If you want to use it just put in your Gemfile:

gem 'activerecord-postgres-hstore'

Now add a line (for each hstore column) on the model you have your hstore columns. Assuming a model called Person, with a data field on it, the code should look like:

class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
  serialize :data, ActiveRecord::Coders::Hstore
end

This way, you will automatically start with an empty hash that you can write attributes to.

irb(main):001:0> person = Person.new
=> #<Person id: nil, name: nil, data: {}, created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
irb(main):002:0> person.data['favorite_color'] = 'blue'
=> "blue"

###Querying the database

Now you just need to learn a little bit of new sqls for selecting stuff (creating and updating is transparent). Find records that contains a key named 'foo’:

Person.where("data ? 'foo'")

Find records where 'foo’ is equal to 'bar’:

Person.where("data -> 'foo' = 'bar'")

This same sql is at least twice as fast (using indexes) if you do it that way:

Person.where("data @> 'foo=>bar'")

Find records where 'foo’ is not equal to 'bar’:

Person.where("data -> 'foo' <> 'bar'")

Find records where 'foo’ is like 'bar’:

Person.where("data -> 'foo' LIKE '%bar%'")

If you need to delete a key in a record, you can do it that way:

person.destroy_key(:data, :foo)

This way you’ll also save the record:

person.destroy_key!(:data, :foo)

The destroy_key method returns 'self’, so you can chain it:

person.destroy_key(:data, :foo).destroy_key(:data, :bar).save

But there is a shortcuts for that:

person.destroy_keys(:data, :foo, :bar)

And finally, if you need to delete keys in many rows, you can:

Person.delete_key(:data, :foo)

and with many keys:

Person.delete_keys(:data, :foo, :bar)

##Caveats

hstore keys and values have to be strings. This means true will become "true" and 42 will become "42" after you save the record. Only nil values are preserved.

It is also confusing when querying:

Person.where("data -> 'foo' = :value", value: true).to_sql
#=> SELECT "people".* FROM "people" WHERE ("data -> 'foo' = 't'") # notice 't'

To avoid the above, make sure all named parameters are strings:

Person.where("data -> 'foo' = :value", value: some_var.to_s)

Have fun.

##Test Database

To have hstore enabled when you load your database schema (as happens in rake db:test:prepare), you have two options.

The first option is creating a template database with hstore installed and set the template option in database.yml to that database. If you use the template1 database for this you don't even need to set the template option, but the extension will be installed in all your databases from now on by default. To install the extension in your template1 database you could simply run:

psql -d template1 -c 'create extension hstore;'

The second option is to uncomment or add the following line in config/application.rb

config.active_record.schema_format = :sql

This will change your schema dumps from Ruby to SQL. If you're unsure about the implications of this change, we suggest reading this Rails Guide.

##Help

You can use issues in github for that. Or else you can reach us at twitter: @dbiazus or @joaomilho

##Note on Patches/Pull Requests

• Fork the project.
• Make your feature addition or bug fix.
• Add tests for it. This is important so I don’t break it in a future version unintentionally.
• Commit, do not mess with rakefile, version, or history. (if you want to have your own version, that is fine but bump version in a commit by itself I can ignore when I pull)
• Send me a pull request. Bonus points for topic branches.

##Copyright

Copyright © 2010 Juan Maiz. See LICENSE for details.